‎Physics‎

‎"SODDY, FREDERICK.‎

‎Die Entwickelung der Elemente.‎

‎(Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1906). No wrappers. In ""Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik"", 3. bd., Heft 3. Pp. 239-358 (entire issue offered). Soddy's paper: pp. 247-264.‎

‎"SOMMERFELD, A. - THE BOHR-SOMMERFELD MODEL OF THE ATOM.‎

‎Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien. I-III. (I. Theorie der Balmerschen Serie. II. Die Feinstruktur der Wasserstoff- und der wasserstoffähnlichen Linien. III. Theorie der Röntgenspektren.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1916. Contemp. hcloth. Gilt lettering to spine. VIII,888 a. 4 plates. (entire volume offered). Sommerfelds paper: pp. 1-94 a. pp. 125-167. A stamp on verso of titlepage. Clean and fine.‎

‎"SOMMERFELD, ARNOLD.‎

‎Zur Relativitätstheorie. I. Vierdimensionale Vektoralgebra.‎

‎Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1910. 8vo. In full black cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 32. Entire volume offered. Library labels to front end papers and stamp to title page, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 749-76. [Entire volume: VIII, 1112 pp. + 15 plates.].‎

‎"SOMMERFELD, ARNOLD. - SPATIAL QUANTIZATION AND FINE STRUCTURE - THE ATOMIC MODEL OF SOMMERFELD.‎

‎Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien. (+) Fortzetzung. (2 Parts).‎

‎(Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1918). Without wrappers in ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Bd. 51, No.17 a. 18. The entire issues offered. Pp. 1-124 a. pp. 125-236. Sommerfeld's papers: pp. 1-94 a. pp. 125-167. Punched in inner margins after cords. Clean and fine.‎

‎"STARK, J.‎

‎Über die Lichtemission der Kanalstrahlen in Wasserstoff.‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1906). 8vo. No wrappers. Extracted from ""Annalen der Physik"" Vierte Folge. Bd. 21. Entire issue no. 13 offered. Pp. 401-456. [Entire issue: Pp. 401-608].‎

‎First appearance of Stark's extensive paper and most detailed paper on the Doppler-effect. In 1919 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics: ""for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"".""With the relatively elaborate equipment available to him in his own laboratory at Aachen, Stark completed his research in progress, chiefly on the dissymmetry of Bremsstrahlung, and undertook new series of experiments on the splitting of spectral lines in an electric field. While at Göttingen he had been encouraged by Woldemar Voigt to investigate this electrical analogy to the magnetic Zeeman effect. Stark’s first preparatory experiment, at the beginning of 1906, had been a failure"" but he was successful in October 1913. He described the experiment in a short autobiographical account. Having procured all the necessary equipment -""a high-intensity spectrograph of rather large dispersion, high-tension sources, and Gaede pumps"" - he looked for the effect ""simultaneously in the hydrogen and helium lines."" An electric field of between 10,000 and 31,000 volts/cm, was established in the canal-ray tube."" (DSB)‎

Bookseller reference : 50376

‎"STARK, J. (JOHANNES). - DISCOVERING THE ""STARK-EFFECT""‎

‎Beobachtungen über den Effekt des elektrischen Feldes auf Spektrallinien. I-VI. (I. Quereffekt. II. Längseffekt (together with G. Wendt). III. Abhängigkeit von der Feldstärke (together with H. Kirschbaum). IV.Linienarten, Verbreitung (together with H....‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1914 u. 1915. No wrappers. In: ""Annalen der Physik. Vierte Folge. Hrsg. von W. Wien und M. Planck."", Bd. 43., No 7,1914. Pp. 965-1116 a. 4 plates (entire issue offered) and. Bd. 48, No. 18. Pp. 145-272 a. 2 plates (entire issue offered).The blocks are punched in inner margins after cords. Stark's papers I-IV: pp. 965-1047 (Bd. 43) and V-VI: pp. 193-235 (Bd. 48). Both issues clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of these 5 important papers in which Stark describes his researches on the effects of the electrical field on the spectral lines of hydrogen, thus discovering the splitting of the spectral lines, THE STARK-EFFECT. This effect was incorporated into quantum mexhanics by Paul Epstein in 1916, and it was shown to be consistent with wave mechanics by Schrödinger in 1926. In 1919 Stark was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and of the splitting of spectral lines inan electric field (the papers offered). ""At the beginning of July 1913, several months before Stark’s discovery, Niels Bohr published his concept of a quantum-mechanical model of the atom. This provided, in principle, the possibility of understanding the reason for the Stark effect, which the classical theory was powerless to explain. Stark therefore had an opportunity to be doubly gratified, having also been one of the first, after Max Planck and Einstein, to stress the “fundamental significance” of Planck’s elementary law (since 1907). which he had championed in many polemical discussions. Yet, almost incomprehensibly, Stark denied himself the satisfaction of seeing his own experiments confirm a theory for which he had helped prepare the way conceptually, even if he had not directly participated in its creation. Apparently he always had to oppose the accepted point of view. Thus, as Bohr’s theory continued to gain adherents in 1914-1916."" (DSB)‎

Bookseller reference : 44891

‎"STERN, ALEXANDER W.‎

‎The Third Revolution in 20th Century Physics.‎

‎[No place], 1964. 4to. Without wrappers (as issued). Offprint from ""Physics Today"", April 1964. very fine and clean. Pp. 42-45.‎

‎Offprint of Stern's paper in which he criticised the s-matrix theory: ""[S-matrix theory] is inconsistent with the existence of the electromagnetic field. Because the electromagnetic field is involved in our very means of measurement and observation, this is a serious shortcoming"". [From the present paper].‎

Bookseller reference : 51349

‎"STERN, O. (+) R. FRISCH.‎

‎Über die magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons. I. - [NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1943 - FIRST MEASUREMENT OF THE PROTON MAGNETIC MOMENT]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1933. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 85, 1933. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 4-16. [Entire volume: VIII, 811 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Stern and Frisch's seminal paper with the very first measurement of the proton magnetic moment constituting the earliest experimental evidence for the internal structure of the nucleon. ""It is this work that was specifically mentioned in Stern's Nobel Prize citation"" (DSB) in 1943 when he was awarded the prize ""for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"".""Dirac had promulgated a theory according to which the ratio of the magnetic moment of the proton to that of the electron should have been the same as the inverse ratio of their masses. This theory was believed so generally that when Stern, O. R. Frisch, and this writer began the very difficult experiments, they were told more than once by eminent theoreticians that they were wasting their time and effort. But Stern's perseverance paid off. Measurements showed a proton magnetic moment two or three times larger than expected. While that result has since been reproduced with greater accuracy, a really satisfactory theoretical explanation is still outstanding. It is this work that was specifically mentioned in Stern's Nobel Prize citation."" (DSB)The magnetic moment of the proton, first measured in 1933 by Frisch and Stern, was the earliest experimental evidence for the internal structure of the nucleon. Although the theory of strong interactions, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), is over 20 years old, a quantitative description of the magnetic moments of the nucleons based on QCD remains an elusive goal. The phenomenal quantitative success of the standard electroweak theory now allows one to use the weak interaction to obtain additional information on the magnetic properties of the nucleon. In particular, the measurement of the strength of the magnetic interaction with the neutral weak boson Z0(when combined with the usual magnetic interaction with the photon) enables a decomposition of the nucleon magnetism into the contributions arising from the three relevant quark flavors (up, down, and strange). (American Physical Society)The present volume also contain Estermann and Stern paper: ""Über sie magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons"" in which they demonstrated the existence of de Broglie Waves for Atom and molecules.‎

Bookseller reference : 49166

‎"STERN, O. (+) R. FRISCH.‎

‎Über die magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons. I. - [NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1943 - FIRST MEASUREMENT OF THE PROTON MAGNETIC MOMENT]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1933. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 85, 1933. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 4-16. [Entire volume: VIII, 811 pp.].‎

‎"STERN, O. [OTTO] (+) WALTHER GERLACH.‎

‎Ein Weg zur experimentellen Prüfung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld [in: Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 7, 1921:] (+) Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms [in Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 8, 1922] (+) Der experimentelle ... - [DISCOVERY OF SPATIAL QUANTIZATION - THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1921 & 1922. 8vo. Entire volumes 7-9, 1921 and 1922, of ""Zeitschrift für Physik"" bound in three contemporary half cloth bindings over marbled boards, volumes 7 and 8 in uniform bindings, volume 9 slightly differing, with more gilding to spine. Tiny marginal dampstain to the first leaves of vol. 9, and large library-stamp to front free end-papers of volumes 7-8, otherwise, all three volumes fine, clean, and tight. All three title-pages with library-stamp. Pp. 249-53" 110-11 349-55. [Entire volumes: VI, 414 pp IV, 419 pp." IV, 412 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Stern and Gerlach's seminal papers in which the first spatial quantization, atomic magnetic moments, was first presented. With these papers, the first clear proof for the spin of the electron appeared, profoundly influencing the world of physics. The discovery of the deflection of particles is often used to illustrate basic principles of quantum mechanics and demonstrates that electrons and atoms have inherent quantum properties.Spatial quantization had been introduced merely as a theoretical concept by Sommerfeld in 1916, but no one before Stern had ever empirically demonstrated its existence, and some physicists even considered it to be nothing more than a mathematical tool. In his 1921-paper Stern proposed an empirical test:""The idea for the experiment proposed by Stern was simple enough. A beam of silver atoms is produced by letting silver evaporate in an oven with a small opening. The beam is collimated and travels in X direction until it falls on a glass plate. Between collimators and plate an inhomogeneous magnetic field is produced. It points in y direction and also changes its strength as a function of y. If the atoms possess a magnetic moment, the field pulls them away from the X axis. If the moments are oriented at random, there will be a broadening of the beam. But if spatial quantization exists with just two possible orientations, then the beam will be split in two. Half the atoms are pulled in the positive and half in the negative y direction. It should be treated as a spinning top with a magnetic needle in its axis."" ( Brandt. The Harvest of a Century, p. 124).In November 1921, Stern and Gerlach observed a broadening of the beam, its size increased from 0.1 mm till 0.3 mm when the field was turned on. ""This result proved that silver atoms possess a magnetic moment. With a still better collimated beam in February 1922 where the splitting of the beam into two was observed. Spatial quantization was established."" ( Brandt. The Harvest of a Century, p. 124).Only after the birth of quantum mechanics it became clear that the atoms themselves are not turned, but that their quantum mechanical wave function assumes one of its possible values in the apparatus. The discovery penetrated all aspects of physics"" it was documented that electrons are responsible for the hyperfine structure of the spectroscopic lines and more generally that the direct observation of the spin of the electron is the most clear evidence of quantization in quantum mechanics.The three volumes also contains the following papers of interest:1. Born, Max. Über elektrostatische Gitterpotentiale. Bd. 7. pp. 124-140.2. Born, Max. Zur Thermodynamik der Kristallgitter. Bd. 7. pp. 217-248.3. Geiger, H. Reichweitemessungen an alfa-Strahlen. Bd. 8. pp. 45-58.4. Brody, E. & Max Born. Bemerkungen zy unseren Abhandlungen ""Über die Schwingungen eines mechanischen Systems mit endlicher Amplitude und ihre Quantelung"" [...] . Bd. 8. Pp. 205-208.5. Heisenberg, Werner. Zur Quantentheorie der Linienstruktur und der anomalen Zeemaneffekte. Bd. 8. pp. 273-297.6. Bohr, Niels. Der Bau der Atome und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente. Bd. 9. pp. 1-67.And many others.‎

Bookseller reference : 43611

‎"STERN, O. [OTTO] (+) WALTHER GERLACH.‎

‎Ein Weg zur experimentellen Prüfung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld [in: Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 7, 1921:] (+) Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms [in Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 8, 1922] - [DISCOVERY OF SPATIAL QUANTIZATION - THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1921 & 1922. 8vo. Bound in two uniform contemporary. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 7, 8 & 9, 1922. All three volumes offered. Both with library stamp to title page and light wear to extremities. A fine set. Pp. 249-53" 110-11 349-55. [Entire volumes: VI, 414 pp IV, 419 pp." IV, 412 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Stern and Gerlach's seminal papers in which the first spatial quantization, atomic magnetic moments, was first presented. With these papers, the first clear proof for the spin of the electron appeared, profoundly influencing the world of physics. The discovery of the deflection of particles is often used to illustrate basic principles of quantum mechanics and demonstrates that electrons and atoms have inherent quantum properties.Spatial quantization had been introduced merely as a theoretical concept by Sommerfeld in 1916, but no one before Stern had ever empirically demonstrated its existence, and some physicists even considered it to be nothing more than a mathematical tool. In his 1921-paper Stern proposed an empirical test:""The idea for the experiment proposed by Stern was simple enough. A beam of silver atoms is produced by letting silver evaporate in an oven with a small opening. The beam is collimated and travels in X direction until it falls on a glass plate. Between collimators and plate an inhomogeneous magnetic field is produced. It points in y direction and also changes its strength as a function of y. If the atoms possess a magnetic moment, the field pulls them away from the X axis. If the moments are oriented at random, there will be a broadening of the beam. But if spatial quantization exists with just two possible orientations, then the beam will be split in two. Half the atoms are pulled in the positive and half in the negative y direction. It should be treated as a spinning top with a magnetic needle in its axis."" ( Brandt. The Harvest of a Century, p. 124).In November 1921, Stern and Gerlach observed a broadening of the beam, its size increased from 0.1 mm till 0.3 mm when the field was turned on. ""This result proved that silver atoms possess a magnetic moment. With a still better collimated beam in February 1922 where the splitting of the beam into two was observed. Spatial quantization was established."" ( Brandt. The Harvest of a Century, p. 124).Only after the birth of quantum mechanics it became clear that the atoms themselves are not turned, but that their quantum mechanical wave function assumes one of its possible values in the apparatus. The discovery penetrated all aspects of physics"" it was documented that electrons are responsible for the hyperfine structure of the spectroscopic lines and more generally that the direct observation of the spin of the electron is the most clear evidence of quantization in quantum mechanics.The three volumes also contains the following papers of interest:1. Born, Max. Über elektrostatische Gitterpotentiale. Bd. 7. pp. 124-140.2. Born, Max. Zur Thermodynamik der Kristallgitter. Bd. 7. pp. 217-248.3. Geiger, H. Reichweitemessungen an alfa-Strahlen. Bd. 8. pp. 45-58.4. Brody, E. & Max Born. Bemerkungen zy unseren Abhandlungen ""Über die Schwingungen eines mechanischen Systems mit endlicher Amplitude und ihre Quantelung"" [...] . Bd. 8. Pp. 205-208.5. Heisenberg, Werner. Zur Quantentheorie der Linienstruktur und der anomalen Zeemaneffekte. Bd. 8. pp. 273-297.6. Bohr, Niels. Der Bau der Atome und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente. Bd. 9. pp. 1-67.And many others.‎

Bookseller reference : 49490

‎"STERN, O. [OTTO] (+) WALTHER GERLACH.‎

‎Ein Weg zur experimentellen Prüfung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld [in: Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 7, 1921:] (+) Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms [in Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 8, 1922] - [DISCOVERY OF SPATIAL QUANTIZATION - THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1921 & 1922. 8vo. Bound in two uniform contemporary. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 7, 8 & 9, 1922. All three volumes offered. Both with library stamp to title page and light wear to extremities. A fine set. Pp. 249-53" 110-11 349-55. [Entire volumes: VI, 414 pp IV, 419 pp. " IV, 412 pp.].‎

‎"STERN, OTTO.‎

‎Zur Methode der Molekularstrahlen. I. (Untersuchungen zur Molekularstrahlmethode aus dem Institut für physikalische Chemie der Hamburgischen Universität. Nr. 1.) - [THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BEAMS]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926. 8vo. Offprint in the original printed wrappes, ""Sonderabdruck Band 39, Heft 10/11"" printed on the front wrapper. A very fine and clean copy, near mint. Pp. 751-763. From the library of Niels Bohr.‎

‎Scarce offprint of Stern's first publication of his famous and groundbreaking series of papers named Untersuchungen zur Molekularstrahlmethode (U.z.M.), which established the field of molecular beams. In the first of the U.z.M.-papers (the present), Stern explains the advantages and disadvantages of the method, discusses technical details, and then gives the program for future work. In this section he mentions 1, the measurement of magnetic moments of molecules, including those due to the electrons, to the nucleus, and those induced by diamagnetic action" 2, electric dipole moments, including the so-called permanent dipole moment as well as moments of higher order (quadrupoles) 3, the measurement of the field of force of molecules (molecular forces) 4, fundamental problems such as the recoil on emission of a quantum, the de Broglie waves of matter, and others. The execution of this immense program kept him busy and gave work to many assistants, students, postdoctoral fellows, and guests of his institute.This series reached 30 papers before it ended prematurely due to interruption by Nazi Germany.‎

Bookseller reference : 47132

‎"STOKES, G.G.‎

‎On the Long Spectrum of Electric Light. Received June 19, - Read June 19, 1862.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1863). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1862 - Vol. 152 Part II. Pp. 599-619 textillustrations. Clean and fine.‎

‎Fisr printing of Stoke's paper in which he investigates the spark spectra of metals, spectra of the electric arc, form and effets of the electrodes.""By 1862 Stokes was using the spark from an induction coil to generate the spectra of various metals employed as electrodes. The invisible rays of the spectra were then examined and recorded systematically by means of flourencence, although Stokes knes that photography was already beginning to replace fluorescence as a tool for mapping out spectra.""(DSB XIII, p. 77).‎

Bookseller reference : 43527

‎"STOKES, G.G. - COINING THE WORD 'FLUORESCENCE'‎

‎On the Change of Refrangibility of Light. (No. I). Received May 11, - Read May 27, 1852. (+) On the Change of Refrangibility of Light.- No. II. Received June 16, - Read June 26, 1853. (2 Papers).‎

‎(London, Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1852 and 1853). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1852 - Part II. Pp. 463-562 a. 1853 - Vol. 143. Part III. Pp. 385-396. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of two importent papers in the physical theories of light and the atomic structure.""Sir John Herschel first noticed that sulpahte of quinine shows a blue colour when light is incident on it under certain circumstances"" later it was found that many other substances, if placed in a dark room and exposed to invisible radiations beyond the viloet end of the visible spectrum, emit a bluish or greenish light. To this phenomenon the name 'flourencence' was given by Stoken in 1852 (the paper offered), in a famous paper disclosing its true nature.""(Whittaker in ""A History of the Theores of Aether and Electricity"" Vol. I.p. 262).""However, long before the discovery of the electron made the compositeness of atoms explicit, the clearest signals that structure was called for came from spectra. Already in 1852, Stokes, in the importent memoir ""On the Change of Refrangibility of Ligh"" (to which Kelvin referred) had written. ""In all probability...the molecular vibrations by which...light is produced are not vibrations i which the molecules move among one another, but vibrations aming the constituent parts of the molecules themselves, performed by virtue of the internal forces which hold the parts of molecules together"". Please notice...at that time, the term 'molecule' often meant what we call 'atom'.""(Pais in""Inward Bound"", p. 175).‎

Bookseller reference : 42590

‎"STONER, EDMUND C. - STONERS RULE - ANTICIPATING PAULI'S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE.‎

‎The Distribution of Electrons among Atomic Levels.‎

‎London, Taylor & Francis, 1924. Full buckram. Spine with gilt lettering. Stamps on titlepage. Bookmark of ""Pomona College Library"" on inside frontcover. In: ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Vol. XLVIII, Sixth Series. VIII,1144 pp., textillustr. and 27 plates. (Entire volume offered). Stoner's paper: pp. 719-736.‎

‎First apperance of Stoner's importent paper in which he formulated ""Stoner's Rule"", a paper which inspired Pauli to his Exclusion principle in 1925. ""The publication of his paper (the paper offered) brought Stoner rapid recognition. His theory, however, was subsequently overshadowed by the exclusion principle of Wolfgang Pauli, who, exploiting Stoner’s insight and applying it to individual electrons, transformed it into a general and powerful analytic tool."" (DSB).""In 1924 (in the paper offered) Stoner had proposed the following rule: ""The number of electrons in each completed shall is equal to double the sum of the inner quantum numbers"".... Stoner's rule says: a shell corresponds to a fixed n and the number of electrons in that shell, if completetely filled. equals twice N.... Why twice ?... Here Pauli takes over.""(Pais ""Inward Bound"", p. 273.).""Soon after Bohr developed his initial configuration, Arnold Sommerfeld in Munich realized the need to characterize the stationary states of the electron in the hydrogen atom by means of a second quantum number-the socalled angular-momentum quantum number. Bohr immediately applied this discovery to many-electron atoms and in 1922 produced a set of more detailed electronic configurations. In turn, Sommerfeld went on to discover the third, or inner, quantum number, thus enabling the British physicist Edmund Stoner to come up with an even more refined set of electronic configurations in 1924..... Stoner assumed that three quantum numbers could be specified in many electron atoms. In any case, Stoner’s scheme solved certain problems present in Bohr’s configurations. For example, Bohr had assigned phosphorus the configuration 2,4,4,4,1, but this failed to explain the fact that phosphorus shows valencies of three and five. Stoner’s configuration for phosphorus was 2,2,2,4,2,2,1, which easily explains the valencies, since it becomes plausible that either the two or the three outermost subshells of electrons form bonds."" (Eric R. Scerri. ""The Periodic Table and the Electron"").‎

Bookseller reference : 47277

‎"STRUTT, J.W. (LORD RAYLEIGH).‎

‎Experiments to determine the Value of the British Association Unit of Resistance in Absolute Measures. Received February 15, - Read March 9, 1882.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1883). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" Year 1882, Volume 173 - Part II. Pp. 661-697 a.1 lithographed plate (showing apparatus). A few brownspots to margins of plate. Fine and clean.‎

‎First printing of one of the main papers relating to the determination of the standard electrical unit, the relations between the ohm, the unit of resistance and the electromagnetic unit of resistance.""It is a tribute to Rayleigh's great experimental care that his final results have not been appreciably altered by more modern work. He appeared to possess the uncanny power to make the simplest of equipment produce the utmost precision.""(Robert Bruce Lindsay).‎

Bookseller reference : 42954

‎"STRUTT, J.W. (LORD RAYLEIGH). - INTRODUCING ""ACOUSTIC CONDUCTIVITY"".‎

‎On the Theory of Resonnance. Received July 2, - Read November 24, 1870.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1872). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"", 1871. Vol. 161- Part I. Pp. 77-118. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of an a milestone paper in the theory of accoustics - Lord Rayleigh's first paper on the theory of sounds.Certain references in Helmholtz's treatise ""Lehre von der Tonempfindungen"" ""to the properties of acoustic resonators attracted his attention and led to his first elaborate research, reported in a long paper in the Philosophical Transactions (the paper offered). This article furnishes a clear indication of the method of thinking about problems that remained characteristic of all Rayleigh's later work. He endeavored to develop the mathematical theory of the subject in a form related as closely as possible to experimentally realizable situations, and then followed up the results by the attempt at direct experimental verification....In thsi paper Rayleigh first introduced the the useful concept of the 'Acoustic Conductivity' of an orifice. It has remained a standard acoustical quantity ever since, even if rather difficult to estimate theoretically for all sort of openings.""(Robert Bruce Lindsay in his introduction to Rayleigh's Theory of Sound).‎

Bookseller reference : 42953

‎"SULZER, JOHANN GEORG.‎

‎Recherches sur L'Origine des Sentimens agreables et desagreables. 1.-4. Partie. (1. Theorie générale du plaisir. 2. Théorie des plaisirs intellectuels. 3. Des plaisirs des sens. 4. Des plaisirs moraux). - [THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ELECTRICITY]‎

‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1753-54). 4to. Unbound, but stitched. In: ""Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres"" Tome VII pp. (57-)100 and Tome VIII pp. 350-390.‎

‎First editions and the first reports of the electrophysiological effects of electricity, the so-called electric taste produced by passing a small electric current through the tongue. The effect was described here nearly 50 years before Galvani and Volta investigated the phenomena (Galvani 1791, Volta 1792).""In a work entitled ""Recherches sur l'origine des sentiments agréables et désagreables"", which was published in 1752 (correctly published in 1753, the item offered), Johann Georg Sulzer (1720-79) had mentioned that two pieces of metal, the one of lead and the other of silver, be joined together in such a manner that their edges touch, and if they be placed on the tongue, a taste is perceived 'similar to that of vitriol of iron', although neither of these metals applied separately gives any trace of such taste. 'It is not probable', he says, 'that this contact of the two metals causes a solution of either of them, liberating particles which might affect the tongue"" and we must therefore conclude that the contact sets up a vibration in their particles, which, by affecting the nerves of the tongue, produces the taste in question.'. This observation was not suspected to have any connection with electrical phenomena, and it played no part in the inception of the next discovery, which indeed was suggested by a mere accident.""(Whittaker. A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. I:p. 67).‎

Bookseller reference : 41243

‎"SWINDEN, (JAN HENDRIK) VAN. - THE PRIZE-WINNING MEMOIR ON MAGNETISM AND THE COMPASS.‎

‎Recherches sur les Aiguilles Aimantées, et sur leurs Variations régulières, qui ont portagé le Prix proposé pour L'Année 1777.‎

‎Paris, Moutard, Panckoucke, 1780. 4to. Contemp. full sprinckled calf with 5 raised bands on spine. Richly gilt compartments, title-and tomelabels with gilt lettering. ""Mémoires fe Mathematique et de Physique, Présentés à l'Academie des Sciences par divers Savans"", Tome VIII. XXIV,624 pp., 8 engraved plates a. 52 folded tables. (Entire volume offered). Van Swinden's work: pp. 1-576, 3 folded engraved plates and 52 folded tables.‎

‎First edition of Van Swinden's large work on magnetism and the function of the compass and the variability of magnetic needles. It also explained the diurnal variation of the earth's magnetic force.In 1767 van Swinden obtained the chair of philosophy, logic, and metaphysics at Franekar University. He studied all the popular scientific topics of the period, especially magnetism, electricity, meteorolgy, and chemistry, and corresponded with many leading scientists, including Bonnet, Euler, Deluc, J. C. Wilcke, Bertholon, and Lalande. His Tentamen de magnete (1772) dealt with his mathematical theory of magnetism, and in 1777 he and Coulomb shared the gold medal of the Paris Academy of Sciences for a very detailed prize essay on magnetism, Recherches sur les aiguilles aimantées. (the essay offered).Poggendorff II, 1057‎

Bookseller reference : 44929

‎"SWINTON, A. A. CAMPBELL.‎

‎Bath-Tub Vortex. - [THE CORIOLIS EFFECT ON A BATHTUB VORTEX]‎

‎London, Macmillian, 1962. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Nature"", Vol. 196, October - December. Stamp to pasted down front end-paper and title-page. A fine copy. Pp. 1080-1. [Entire colume: LII, 1346 pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Shapiro's famous paper in which he sought to describe a bathtub vortex with the Coriolis Effect. This eventually gave birth to the urban myth that a toilet vortex always will have a counter clockwise flow in the Northern Hemisphere. The Coriolis effect on a micro level is still disputed and has never been satisfyingly confirmed or rejected. Scientists were aware that Earth's rotation alters the trajectory of objects in motion. This phenomenon causes low-pressure weather systems to twist counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The Coriolis effect, as it's known, had long been well documented as the cause of hurricanes and tornadoes. But despite previous attempts, no one had shown that the effect-first described in 1835 by the French engineer and mathematician Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis-works on very small scales as well. Though in theory it should influence bathwater's exit through a drain, the Coriolis effect was thought to be too small to see.""For his experiment, Shapiro used a circular, flat-bottomed tub with a centered drain hole three-eighths of an inch in diameter to which he attached a 20-foot length of hose, plugged with a stopper at the end. He filled the tank six inches deep with clean, room-temperature water. Small variations-air movement, a temperature change, a surface disturbance-create buoyancy currents that overshadow the Coriolis effect. So Shapiro did much tinkering to cancel out these possible sources of interference-covering the tank with a sheet of plastic to keep out air currents, for example, and carefully controlling the room's temperature. He also filled the tank by swirling water in clockwise, so that if the water drained counterclockwise, the direction would not have been influenced by how the tank was filled.After 24 hours of letting the water settle, Shapiro carefully pulled the plug from the end of the hose, gently placing above the drain a small float made of two crossed slivers of wood an inch long. It took about 20 minutes for the tub to drain completely. For the first 12 to 15 minutes, the float remained motionless. Then it began to rotate almost imperceptibly, counterclockwise, reaching a peak speed of approximately one revolution every three to four seconds. Proving that the Coriolis effect can be detected in a bathtub-size tank, albeit under carefully controlled conditions, was a remarkable achievement. At MIT's latitude of 42°, the effect was ""only thirty-millionths that of gravity, which is so small that it will be overcome by filling and even temperature differences and water impurities,"" reported one of many newspapers and periodicals covering the experiment. Shapiro's results were published in Nature and verified by colleagues who used his technique to demonstrate a clockwise flow in the Southern Hemisphere. The findings fascinated a curious public of all ages. Shapiro would also become known for explaining and improving the aerodynamics of golf ball dimples, as well as for helping to develop the intra-aortic balloon for heart patients and devices to treat blood clots, asthma, emphysema, and glaucoma. But for more than a decade after the bathtub test, he would receive letters and newspaper clippings from all over the world about what was dubbed the ""bathtub vortex"" controversy. "" (MIT Technology Review).‎

Bookseller reference : 59906

‎"SZILARD, LEO.‎

‎Über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen. [On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Invention of intelligent Beings). - [MAXWELL'S DEMON]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929. 8vo. Contem. hcloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 53. VII,(1),889,(1) pp. The whole volume offered. Szilard's paper: pp. 840-856. Ex-lirbrary stamp to front free end-paper, otherwise no stamps or other markings. A fine copy.‎

‎First edition of the important paper in which Szilard solved the puzzle of Maxwell's demon and discover a theoretical model that serves both as a heat engine and an information engine, eatablishing the connection between entropy and information. Szilard was the first to stress that any manipulator of molecules would have to rely on measurement and memory. If one assumed that the demon could perform such operations without causing any changes in the system, one would by that very assumption deny the second law of thermodynamics, which requires equivalent compensations for all decreases in entropy. Szilard therefore proposed that whatever negative entropy Maxwell's demon might be able to create should be considered as compensated by an equal entropy increase due to the measurements the demon had to make. In essence, Szilard made Maxwell's doorkeeper mortal-no longer granting this tiny intelligence the ability to 'see' molecules without actually seeing them, i.e., without the sensory exchanges of energy that all other existences require. Szilard took this step for the sake of a grander vision, the dream that the adoption of his principle would lead to the discovery of a more general law of entropy in which there would be a completely universal relation for all measurements. Information theory has brought that vision to reality.‎

Bookseller reference : 38044

‎"SZILARD, LEO.‎

‎Über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen. [On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Invention of intelligent Beings). - [""THE EARLIEST KNOWN PAPER IN WHAT BECAME THE FIELD OF ""INFORMATION THEORY""""]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929. 8vo. Bound in contemporary halfcloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 53, 1929. Entire volume offered. Library stamp to title page, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 840-856. [Entire volume: VII,(1),889,(1) pp.]‎

‎First edition of the landmark paper in which Szilard solved the puzzle of Maxwell's demon and discovered a theoretical model that serves both as a heat engine and information engine, establishing the connection between entropy and information. ""This work is now considered to be the earliest known paper in what became the field of ""information theory"". (Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb). In the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment created by Maxwell to show that the Second Law of Thermodynamics has only a statistical certainty. ""Maxwell's demon was first mentioned in a letter written to Tait in 1867. Maxwell was one amongst a number of researchers in the developing field of thermodynamics who was interested in seeking an understanding of thermal phenomena in terms of an underlying atomic physics. However, unlike Boltzmann and Clausius, who were attempting to prove the law of entropy increase from such atomic physics, Maxwell had realised that if thermodynamics was ultimately grounded in atomic theory, then the second law of thermodynamics could have only a statistical validity."" (SEP). Szilard (In the present paper) attempted to investigate this special case of intelligently operated devices by considering a box containing only a single molecule. He argued that in order to achieve the entropy reduction, the intelligent being must acquire knowledge of which fluctuation occurs and so must perform a measurement. The second law would not be threatened provided there was a compensating cost to performing this measurement, regardless of the character of the intelligent being.""Claude E. Shannon, who spelled out detailed relationship between information and entropy in the 1950s, also later acknowledged that Szilard's paper had proposed the basis for his new field study."" (Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb).‎

Bookseller reference : 49819

‎"SZILARD, LEO.‎

‎Über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen. [On the Decrease of Entrophy in a Thermodynamic System by the invention of intelligent Beings). - [MAXWELL'S DEMON AND THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ENTROPY AND INFORMATION]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929. 8vo. Contemp. hcloth. Some wear to edges and spine. A stamp on title-page. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", vol. 53. The whole volume offered. VII,(1),889,(1) pp. Szilard's paper: pp. 840-856.‎

‎"TAMM, IG. (+) S. SCHUBIN.‎

‎Zur Theorie des Photoeffektes an Metallen. - [THE THEORY OF PHOTOELECTRICITY]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1931. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 68, 1931. Entire issue offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 97-113. [Entire volume: VIII, 845 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Tamm and Schubin's important paper in which they showed that the external photoeffect is caused by the presence of a jump in potential on the border of the metal vacuum.""In 1931 - 1933 Tamm studied the quantum theory of metals, specifically the external photoeffect in metals and the state levels of the electrons on the surface of the metal. His work with S. P. Shubin was the first to show that the external photoeffect is caused by the presence of a jump in potential on the border of the metal vacuum and is associated with the effect of surface absorption of light, while the optic absorption of light by the metal is associated with the volume effect.""‎

Bookseller reference : 49159